Blister package for pharmaceutical cartridges

ABSTRACT

A blister packaging for a pharmaceutical cartridge or capsule and methods of forming same are disclosed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/436,698, filed Mar. 30, 2012, which claims the benefit ofU.S. provisional patent application No. 61/470,982, filed Apr. 1, 2011,the entire disclosures each of which are incorporated herein byreference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

A blister package for a pharmaceutical injection molded cartridge orcapsule is disclosed.

BACKGROUND

Blister packaging systems may be used for protecting drug products inthe pharmaceutical industry such as capsules, tablets, powders andliquids. Generally, blister packs consist of a rigid blistered basesheet having cavities or open blisters and a cover sheet or lid. Eachblister in a pack normally contains the drug product in the form of apowder, capsule or tablet.

A drug delivery system for inhalation can include a cartridge for thedelivery of a dry powder formulation to the pulmonary tract and lungsfor the treatment of disease. Drug formulations contained in thecartridge may be used with a dry powder inhalation system, whichdelivers the drug content in a safe and consistent manner. Drugformulations used for pulmonary inhalation with a cartridge deliverysystem, however, may be sensitive to degradation, for example, byexposure to moisture. Thus, a cartridge containing the powderformulation may benefit from an improved packaging design to protect thecartridge and formulation from physical damage and environmentalfactors.

SUMMARY

Described herein are blister packages for protecting cartridgescontaining pharmaceutical formulations for use with an inhaler. In oneexample, cartridges used with a dry powder inhalation system aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. D613849 and U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/484,137 (US 2009/0308392). Blister packages can be designed tocontain, protect, dispense and/or improve the stability of apharmaceutical formulation. In one embodiment, formulations can bedesigned for pulmonary delivery for the treatment of diseases,including, systemic and endocrine diseases such as diabetes. The blisterpackages can provide structural rigidity that resists curling of thematerial used and can also create a barrier to environmental factorssuch as moisture, light and/or dust; can facilitate dispensation of adose of medicament to be administered to a patient. In one embodiment,the blister package can provide a high moisture barrier to protect acartridge comprising a drug formulation during shipping, handling and/orstorage of drug products prior to use.

In one embodiment, blister packages comprise a plurality of blisterswhich are uniform pocket-like wells, cup-like unit structures and/orcavities arranged in rows or arrays; wherein each unit of the blisterpackage is configured to match correspondingly to the structure of apharmaceutical cartridge or capsule containing a pharmaceuticalformulation. In one embodiment, each blister well can house acorresponding cartridge. In another embodiment, the blister packages cancomprise one or more irregularly shaped cavities or blister wells,wherein each cavity or blister well comprises a top, a bottom portion,an outer surface, an interior surface and a void. The bottom portion cancomprise an outer surface having a substantially round end or dome, anda substantially flat end, or shelf extending from the dome area. In oneembodiment, the substantially flat end can have an indentation or recesswhich forms a shelf or cartridge retaining feature in the interiorsurface, and the void area can be configured to house a cartridgecomprising a cup-like container. In other embodiments, the blisterpackages can comprise a plurality of single unit blister wells which areseparated from one another by a spacer or segment of unprocessed basematerial which is contiguous with an adjacent blister well. In thisembodiment, the blister package can contain perforations or scored linessurrounding each blister unit to separate the blister unit to facilitatedispensation.

In one embodiment, the blister packages comprise one or more blisterwells per row and one or more rows per blister package. In embodimentscomprising two or more blister wells in a row of blisters, each blisterwell can be contiguous with another, and the internal volume or void ofeach blister well can be in communication with all blister wells.Alternatively, in some embodiments having more than one blister wellthat are contiguous with one another, each blister well can be separatedso that the volume and/or void of each well may not be in communicationwith an adjacent blister well, any or all other blister wells. In oneembodiment, the blister packs can comprise one or more rows of blisterwells, wherein each row of blisters can be separated by perforationlines or scored along rows of blister wells or along lines surroundingeach unit of the blister package.

One embodiment comprises a blister comprised of a base structure ormaterial having formed cavities comprised of a thermoformable baselaminate and a lid material, including a soft tempered aluminum foilwith heat activated sealant. The base material and/or structure cancomprise one or more layer of a thermoformable plastic, including, apolyvinyl chloride, a polyester, and/or a fluoropolymer, for example, apolychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) such as ACLAR® (HoneywellInternational Inc., NJ). In some aspects of the embodiments disclosedherein, the blister packages can comprise a base material comprising alaminated composite. In one embodiment, the laminate composite cancomprise at least three layers selected from polyvinyl chloride and afluoropolymer, such as an ACLAR layer and/or a material having similarthermoformable characteristics. In one embodiment, the laminatedcomposite can be comprised of a three layer film structure comprising afirst layer of polyvinyl chloride, or polyethylene pterephthalate (PET),a second layer of polyvinyl chloride, or PET, and a layer of afluoropolymer including ACLAR, wherein the fluoropolymer layer comprisesthe middle layer of the laminated composite. In another embodiment, theblistered base sheet can comprise a fluoropolymer such as PCTFEadhesively bonded to PET.

In some embodiments, the laminated composite forming the base materialcan be made to have various thicknesses, and the thickness can depend onthe degree of moisture barrier required for the formulation. In oneembodiment, the thickness of the laminated composite of the blisteredbase sheet can range from about 230 μm to about 720 μm. In anotherembodiment the laminated composite blistered base sheet can beapproximately 360 μm to about 610 μm in thickness. In this embodiment,blister packages made with the base laminates result in blisters withsuitable rigidity and moisture barrier protection having a thicknessgreater than 100 μm.

In particular embodiments, blister packages may comprise one or morecavities and a cover or lid. Each of the cavities is configured to holda cartridge which can be structured to be adapted to a dry powderinhaler and the cartridge can include a formulation for pulmonarydelivery. The formulation can comprise an active ingredient, includingbut not limited to, a small molecule, protein, peptide, nucleic acidmolecule or a combination thereof. In this and other embodiments, thecartridge can comprise a formulation for the treatment of for example,diabetes and the active ingredient in the formulation can be selectedfrom peptides, including but not limited to, insulin, GLP-1, activefragments thereof, analogs thereof, or combinations thereof. In otherembodiments, the active ingredient can be selected from any peptide oractive agent that can be delivered by the pulmonary route, including,insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, oxyntomodulin, peptideYY, glucagon like peptide 1, sumatriptan, peptidyl peptidase IVinhibitor, parathyroid hormone, neurotransmmiter agonist andantagonists, deoxyribonuclease I, active fragments thereof, analogsthereof, and combinations thereof.

Blister packages can be provided for single dosing, and/or multipledosing, including, daily dosing of a pharmaceutical formulation, for twoor more days, or a combination of multiple blisters can be provided forweekly or monthly supply as needed.

In still yet a further embodiment, blister packages can comprise acartridge having a formulation for treating a disease comprising aninhalable dry powder composition comprising a diketopiperazine. In oneembodiment, the diketopiperazine can have a formula3,6-bis-(4-X-aminobutyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine, wherein X is selectedfrom the group consisting of succinyl, glutaryl, maleyl, and fumaryl. Inone embodiment, the dry powder composition can comprise adiketopiperazine salt; wherein the diketopiperazine salt can be aninorganic salt including, sodium, potassium, magnesium, lithium, cesium,and calcium. In another embodiment, the diketopiperazine can be anorganic salt, including, triethylamine, butylamine, diethanolamine andtriethanolamine. In still yet another embodiment, provided are drypowder compositions wherein the diketopiperazine is3,6-bis-(4-fumaryl-aminobutyl)-2,5-diketopiperazine or a salt thereof,with or without a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or excipient.Blister packages can also comprise a cartridge with a formulation withpharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients including, butnot limited to lactose, dextran, amino acids, and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a blister packaging embodiment disclosedherein.

FIG. 2 is a first side view of the blister packaging in FIG. 1 depictingthe uniform arrangement of the rows of blisters within the package.

FIG. 3 is a second side view of the blister packaging embodiment in FIG.1, showing the blister rows from the opposing side of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the blister packaging embodiment in FIG. 1,showing the blisters organization within the package.

FIG. 5 is a top of the blister packaging embodiment in FIG. 1, showingthe lid.

FIG. 6 is a front view of the blister packaging embodiment in FIG. 1,showing a row of three blisters and their configuration depicting a domearea and their side indentations or cartridge retention features.

FIG. 7 is a back view of the blister packaging embodiment in FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is a cross-section of a row of blisters through plane 8 to 8 asshown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a longitudinal section of the blister package through plane 9to 9 traversing the midpoint of blister wells.

FIG. 10 illustrates a top view of a blister pack as described herein.

FIG. 11A illustrates a back view of a piercing seal as described herein.FIG. 11B illustrates a pealable seal as described herein.

FIG. 12 is a graph of data obtained from experiments showing the typicalWater Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) of the blister package embodimentdisclosed herein.

FIG. 13 illustrates a top view of a blister package as described herein.

FIG. 14 illustrates a thickness profile of a blister package formed of atri-layer PVC-ACLAR-PVC material.

FIG. 15 illustrates a thickness profile of a blister package formed of abi-layer PVC-ACLAR material.

FIG. 16 illustrates a thickness profile of a blister package formed of abi-layer CoPETG-ACLAR material.

FIG. 17 illustrates standard deviations for the graphs of FIGS. 14-16.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are exemplified only and are notlimited to the drawings disclosed in FIGS. 1-17.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are blister packages configured to protect a cartridgeor capsule containing a pharmaceutical formulation for pulmonarydelivery. The cartridges or capsules can be used in conjunction with aninhaler.

FIG. 1 illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary embodiment ofblister package 100 described herein. Blister package 100 comprises ablister card or blistered base sheet 102 having a plurality of moldedcavities 104, 104′, 104″, 104′″, 104″″, etc. arranged in one or morerows 106, 106′, 106″, 106′″, 106″″, etc. In one embodiment, three domes108 can be present in each row 106. Cavity 104 can comprise a firstsubstantially round end or dome 108 and a somewhat flat area structureor shelf 110 which protrudes from dome 108 and forms a cartridge lidretention feature 112 therein forming an indentation or depression inthe cavity outer surface. Dome 108 may be configured to accommodate aunit dose cartridge container or cup, and shelf 110 may be configured tocontain and hold a section of a cartridge lid or top assembly in acartridge containment or pre-dosing configuration. A pharmaceuticalcartridge which can be packaged within the present blister package canbe one depicted, for example, in U.S. Pat. D613849 and US 2009/038390,the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety forall they disclose regarding cartridges.

The cartridge lid retention feature or shelf can hold a lid of acartridge in place, and/or prevent cartridges in multiple cartridgeblisters from contacting adjacent cartridges. In one embodiment, acartridge stored in a present blister unit which cartridge comprises acartridge lid and a container in containment or pre-dosingconfiguration, the cartridge container is adapted to the dome of theblister unit and suspended by the lid adapted to the shelf of theblister. In this manner, the cartridge container is prevented frommoving and maintained in containment configuration.

FIG. 1 also illustrates blister package 100 containing five rows 106 ofeach containing three cavities 104 each. This embodiment can be suitablefor three times a days dosing for a patient. In some embodiments, a dosewith every meal can be a prescribed inhalable dose of insulin or othermedication for patients with a condition such as but not limited todiabetes. Alternate embodiments can be used depending on the disease tobe treated.

Other embodiments can have one, two three, four, five, six, seven,eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or fifteencavities in each row. A blister package can further include one, twothree, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve,thirteen, fourteen, or fifteen rows.

Blister package 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 can be configured to nest withanother blister package so that the blisters from opposing packages canintercalate between two rows 106 of the other package in reducing thesize of the outer package during shipping. Blister package 100 can bemarried with another blister pack turned backward and upside down toreduce packaging size. Other means can be envisioned for reducingpackaging size, bulk or the like.

In embodiments herein, the blisters can be configured to match thespecific cartridge size to be packaged. The size of rows in a blisterpackage also can vary depending on factors such as the number of blisterwells per row and the size of the blisters. In one embodiment, eachblister well or cavity 104 can be greater than about 1 cm in length;greater than 1 cm in height at dome 108, and greater than 1 cm in width.In one embodiment, the size of cavity 104 can be about 1.5 cm in width,approximately 2.5 cm in length and about 1.5 cm in height; wherein rows106 within a blister package can be each about 6 cm in length and about3.5 cm in width. In this and other embodiments, cavities 104 can beconfigured centrally within a blister row or segment of a blisterpackage.

FIGS. 2 and 3 each illustrate opposing side views of blister package 100illustrated in FIG. 1. Depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3 is the uniformarrangement of rows 106 within blister package 100. FIGS. 2 and 3 alsodepict dome 108 and shelf 110 shapes having what can be an overallsubstantially elongated shape. Cavities 104 can have a flat end or shelfextending laterally from a dome structure. FIGS. 2 and 3 also illustrateblistered base sheet 102 forming blister wells or cavities 104 and lid114 is shown sealing the cavities 104.

FIG. 4 is a bottom view of blister package 100 illustrated in FIG. 1,showing cavities 104 organized within blister package 100. In thisembodiment, blister package 100 comprises rows 106 configured havingspace 116 between rows 106. In one embodiment, domes 108 from a firstblister package can fit in space 116 between rows 106 of a secondblister package and shelves 110 of the first blister package can abutshelves 110 of the second blister package.

FIG. 5 is a top view of blister package 100 illustrated in FIG. 1,illustrating lid 114 sealing of blister package 100. Lid 114 can bebonded or sealed so that lid 114 adheres to flat surfaces of blisteredbase sheet 102. One portion of blistered base sheet where lid 144 canadhere is space 116 between cavities 104 and over each cavity opening.This adherence of lid 114 to blistered base sheet 102 can close blisterpackage 100 and encapsulate one or more cartridges within cavities 104.In one embodiment, lid 114 can be a single sheet that covers the entireblistered base sheet 102 and bonds with the blistered base sheet in theareas surrounding cavities 104.

In some embodiments, lid 114 can be adhered to the back portion ofblistered base sheet 102 flush with all of underside of blistered basesheet 102. In other embodiments lid 114 can adhere to the underside ofblistered base sheet 102, but be smaller than blistered base sheet 102.In still other embodiments, lid 114 can be larger than the underside ofblistered base sheet 102 and wrapped around the edges of blistered basesheet 102.

FIGS. 6 and 7 are, respectively, front and back views of blister package100 illustrated in FIG. 1, illustrating blister package 100 comprisingrow 106 including three combined cavities 104. Each section of cavity104 can include dome 108 and its lateral shelf 110 with indentations orcartridge retention features 112; wherein the rows of blisters aresealed with lid 114.

FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-section through a row of cavities as depictedin FIG. 1 through plane 8 to 8. FIG. 8 illustrates an interior of threeinterconnected cavities and their relationship with one another within arow. This figure illustrates internal volume 118 or void of row 106.FIG. 8 also illustrates a view of an embodiment of blistered base sheet102 showing component layers. In this embodiment, blistered base sheet102 comprises a three layer film laminate including first layer 120,second layer 122 and third layer 124. Each of the three layers can beadhesively bonded to each other. In other embodiments, more or less thanthree layers can be used. For example, one, two, three, four, five, six,seven, eight, nine, or ten layers can be used. In one embodiment, thenumber of layers used can be the number or thickness needed tosubstantially prevent water infiltration into a sealed packaging(blistered base sheet and lid).

In one embodiment, blistered base sheet 102 can be manufactured usingthermoformable plastics. In certain embodiments, blistered base sheet102 can be a thermoformable laminate formed from films comprising one ormore than one layer of a thermoformable plastic, including, polyester,polyvinyl chloride, and/or a fluoropolymer, such as ACLAR®. In otherembodiments, blister package 100 comprises a laminated compositecomprising at least three layers selected from a polyvinyl chloridelayer, PET and a fluropolymer layer, wherein at least one layer is afluoropolymer. In one aspect of this embodiment, blistered base sheet102 can be formed of a fluoropolymer layer and two polyvinyl chloridelayers. In one embodiment, first layer 120 can be polyvinyl chloride,second layer 122 can be a fluropolymer layer, and third layer 124 can bepolyvinyl chloride. In such an embodiment, first layer 120 and thirdlayer 124, both of which are polyvinyl chloride layers, form innersurface 126 and outer surface 128 of each cavity 104.

Other polymers that can be used alone or in combination with the aboveto form a blistered base sheet 102 can include poly(L-lactic acid),polycaprolactone, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(ethylene-vinylacetate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), polydioxanone,polyorthoester, polyanhydride, poly(glycolic acid), poly(D,L-lacticacid), poly(glycolic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate), polyphosphoester,polyphosphoester urethane, poly(amino acids), cyanoacrylates,poly(trimethylene carbonate), poly(iminocarbonate), copoly(ether-esters)(e.g., PEO/PLA), polyurethanes, silicones, polyesters, polyolefins,polyisobutylene and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers, acrylic polymersand copolymers, ethylene-co-vinylacetate, polybutylmethacrylate, vinylhalide polymers and copolymers (e.g., polyvinyl chloride), polyvinylethers (e.g., polyvinyl methyl ether), polyvinylidene halides (e.g.,polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene chloride), polyacrylonitrile,polyvinyl ketones, polyvinyl aromatics (e.g., polystyrene), polyvinylesters (e.g., polyvinyl acetate), acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, ABSresins, polyamides (e.g., Nylon 66 and polycaprolactam), polycarbonates,polyoxymethylenes, polyimides, polyethers, polyurethanes, rayon,cellophane, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

Blistered base sheet 102 can be transparent, partially transparent oropaque. Partially transparent includes materials that allow about 5%,about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90% of light through. Opaque materialscan allow substantially no light through and can be useful to housemedicaments sensitive to light.

The thickness of the laminate material prior to forming the blisteredbase sheet can be about 10 μm, about 25 μm, about 50 μm, about 75 μm,about 100 μm, about 125 μm, about 150 μm, about 175 μm, about 200 μm,about 225 μm, about 250 μm, about 275 μm, about 300 μm, about 325 μm,about 350 μm, about 375 μm, about 400 μm, about 425 μm, about 450 μm,about 475 μm, about 500 μm, about 525 μm, about 550 μm, about 575 μm,about 600 μm, about 625 μm, about 650 μm, about 675 μm, about 700 μm,about 725 μm, about 750 μm, about 775 μm, about 800 μm, about 825 μm,about 850 μm, about 875 μm, about 900 μm, about 925 μm, about 950 μm,about 975 μm, about 1000 μm, about 1025 μm, about 1050 μm, about 1075μm, about 1100 μm, about 1125 μm, about 1150 μm, about 1175 μm, or about1200 μm thick, or any thickness in a range bound by or between any ofthese values. In some embodiments a overall thickness can range fromabout 100 μm to about 750 μm.

Each layer in the laminate material can have a thickness and the totalthickness of all the layers can represent the total thickness of thelaminate material. Each layer can have a thickness of about 10 μm, about25 μm, about 50 μm, about 75 μm, about 100 μm, about 125 μm, about 150μm, about 175 μm, about 200 μm, about 225 μm, about 250 μm, about 275μm, about 300 μm, about 325 μm, about 350 μm, about 375 μm, about 400μm, about 425 μm, about 450 μm, about 475 μm, about 500 μm, about 525μm, about 550 μm, about 575 μm, about 600 μm, about 625 μm, about 650μm, about 675 μm, about 700 μm, about 725 μm, about 750 μm, about 775μm, about 800 μm, about 825 μm, about 850 μm, about 875 μm, about 900μm, about 925 μm, about 950 μm, about 975 μm, about 1000 μm, about 1025μm, about 1050 μm, about 1075 μm, about 1100 μm, about 1125 μm, about1150 μm, about 1175 μm or any thickness in a range bound by or betweenany of these values. In embodiments wherein ALCAR is used, that layersthickness can range from about 230 μm to about 720 μm in thickness.

The structure of the blistered base sheet 102 can provide a requiredvapor and/or moisture barrier which can improve the stability of apharmaceutical formulation, while also providing structural rigiditythat resists curling of the laminate. As discussed above, the blisteredbase sheet and lit sealed combination can substantially prevent waterinfiltration into a sealed packaging. Curling of the laminate materialis a trait that prior art blisters possess when manufactured of the sizeand length required to contain an inhaler cartridge of the sizesdisclosed herein.

Blister package 100 in FIG. 8 can further comprise top or lid 114 whichcan be formed of a film or sheet including one or more layers of amaterial. Materials suitable in manufacturing lid 114 can include butare not limited to a foil material such as aluminum, copper and/or apolymer or co-polymer. Polymers can include polyesters such aspolyethylene terephthalate (PET) and/or glycol-modified polyethyleneterephtalate (PETG). Other Polymers that can be used includepoly(L-lactic acid), polycaprolactone, poly(lactide-co-glycolide),poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate),polydioxanone, polyorthoester, polyanhydride, poly(glycolic acid),poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate),polyphosphoester, polyphosphoester urethane, poly(amino acids),cyanoacrylates, poly(trimethylene carbonate), poly(iminocarbonate),copoly(ether-esters) (e.g., PEO/PLA), polyurethanes, silicones,polyesters, polyolefins, polyisobutylene and ethylene-alphaolefincopolymers, acrylic polymers and copolymers, ethylene-co-vinylacetate,polybutylmethacrylate, vinyl halide polymers and copolymers (e.g.,polyvinyl chloride), polyvinyl ethers (e.g., polyvinyl methyl ether),polyvinylidene halides (e.g., polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidenechloride), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl ketones, polyvinyl aromatics(e.g., polystyrene), polyvinyl esters (e.g., polyvinyl acetate),acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, ABS resins, polyamides (e.g., Nylon 66and polycaprolactam), polycarbonates, polyoxymethylenes, polyimides,polyethers, polyurethanes, rayon, cellophane, and carboxymethylcellulose.

Lid 114 in FIG. 8 comprises a two-layer film. However, in otherembodiments, lid 114 can include one, two, three, four, five, six,seven, eight, nine, or ten layers can be used. In one embodiment, thenumber of layers used can be the number or overall thickness needed tosubstantially prevent water infiltration into a sealed packaging. Lid114 can comprise an overall thickness from about 5 μm to about 100 μm,about 10 μm to about 75 μm, or about 20 μm to about 50 μm. Each materiallayer used to form lid 114 can have a thickness of about 5 μm, about 10μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm,about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about65 μm, about 70 μm, about 75 μm, about 80 μm, about 85 μm, about 90 μm,or about 95 μm, or any thickness in a range bound by or between any ofthese values. In one embodiment, lid 114 can be between about 30 μm andabout 150 μm thick. In another embodiment, lid 114 can be about 30 μmthick and manufactured from an outer layer 130 of soft tempered aluminumfoil, a primer and over-lacquer layer and an inner layer 132 of a heatsealed polymeric coating. The soft tempered foil can resist puncture andtearing and can provide a level of durability to the package.

FIG. 9 illustrates a longitudinal cross-section of blister package 100comprising five rows of blisters and traversing dome 108 in each of therows 106. In this figure, only a single layer 134 of polymer material isused to form blistered base sheet 102, but as described above, morelayers can be used. Lid 114 includes both outer layer 130 and innerlayer 132. However, as described above, more or fewer layers can be usedto form lid 114.

In one embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 9, cartridge 136 is shaped tofit within a cavity 104. Cup portion 138 of cartridge 136, wherein a drypowder medicament can be housed, can fit into dome 108 and top portion140 of cartridge 136 can rest on the combination of shelf 110 andcartridge lid retention feature 112. However, any cartridge can fitwithin a blister package as described herein. Blistered base sheets canbe customized to fit additional and/or different cartridges.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment wherein a cartridge can be housed inan independent cavity 142. Here, blistered base sheet 144 can meet withlid 114 between each cavity 142, 142′ 142″ in a row 106. As such, achannel 146 can be formed between each adjacent cavity 142 in whichblistered base sheet and lid material can be bonded to each other. Asabove, each cavity here can still include dome 108, shelf 110 andcartridge lid retention feature 112.

Additionally, in FIG. 10, perforations 148 in the blistered base sheet144 can be included in order to give a patient the ability to tear awaya row of blister pack 100 to reduce bulk to transport. As in someembodiments, three doses a day can be prescribed, simply tearing a rowoff of a blister pack can be a useful feature for a days worth ofmedicine. In other embodiments, perforations can be included allowingeach cavity of blistered base sheet 144 to be individually removed.

The bond between lid 114 and blistered base sheet 144 (see FIG. 9) canvary depending on the particular need. In one embodiment, the bondbetween lid 114 and blistered base sheet 144 can be permanent so thatthe foil must be breached to access the contents of a cavity. Asillustrated in FIG. 11A, lid 114 can be punctured 150 allowingindividual cartridges to be removed from a particular cavity 104 inblistered base sheet 144. In other embodiments including blistered basesheet 102 (FIG. 4), lid 114 can be punctured allowing multiple, forexample, three cartridges to be revealed.

In another embodiment, the bond between lid 114 and blistered base sheet102 can be semi-permanent so that the foil can be pealed to access thecontents of a cavity. As illustrated in FIG. 11B, lid 114 can be pealed152 allowing individual cartridges to be removed from a particularcavity 104 in blistered base sheet 144. In other embodiments includingblistered base sheet 102, (FIG. 4) lid 114 can be pealed allowingmultiple, for example, three cartridges to be revealed. In someembodiments, peal perforation 154 can be included so that after pealingbeyond a row 106, the lid can be torn away at peal perforation 154 anddiscarded.

In another embodiment disclosed herein, are methods of manufacturingblister packages as described herein in an automated in-line fashion ona commercially available blister thermoforming machine. The methods cancomprise providing a base material or sheet and a lid film; loading thebase material and lid film onto the machine in roll form and processingthe base material and lid film in the machine. The process can beperformed according to the manufacture's recommendations. In oneembodiment, the base material is drawn into a forming station where itcan be formed using heat at a temperature ranging from about 120° C. toabout 150° C., or from about 120° C. to about 135° C.; and/or airpressure and mechanical plugs configured to form the blister cavities orwells at a predetermined cycle, for example, between 10 and 30 cyclesper minute, or from about 12 to about 25 cycles per minute. In oneembodiment the air pressure can be set for about 4 to about 7 bars, orfrom about 5 to about 6 bars. The heat, air pressure and mechanicalplugs to be used depend on the size of the blister well size to be madeand the base material used. The cartridge product can be automaticallyloaded into the blister cavities, then, the lid stock is pulled over it.Together the formed and filled base material and the lid are pulled intothe sealing station where heated tools cause the activation of thesealant layer on the lid, creating a sealed blister package. Aftersealing, the web of formed and filled blisters is pulled into aperforating station and then finally a die cutting station that createsthe final blister package.

In one embodiment, a blister package can be designed to contain 15 drugfilled cartridges. In such an embodiment, the drug filled cartridges canbe situated in five rows of three. In another embodiment, a blisterpackage can be designed to contain 21 drug filled cartridges. In such anembodiment, the drug filled cartridges can be situated in seven rows ofthree. Cartridges that can be used with the blister packages can be forpharmaceutical formulations intended for pulmonary delivery. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations that can be contained inthe cartridges are in particular for delivering biologics, including,peptides and proteins and other drugs that are sensitive to degradation.In some embodiments, the cartridge in the blister contains a formulationcomprising a diketopiperazine such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.7,794,754; 7,799,344; 7,803,404; 6,444,226; 6,555,127; 6,440,463;6,428,771; 6,071,497; 5,352,461 and 5,503,852; and patent applicationSer. No. 12/813,839 (US 2010/317574) and WO 2010/144789, whichdisclosures are incorporated herewith in their entirety for all theycontain regarding diketopiperazines and drug formulations. An exemplarydiketopiperazine, includes fumaryl diketopiperazine(bis-3,6-(N-fumaryl-4-aminobutyl)-2,5-diketo-diketopiperazine; FDKP). AnFDKP is one diketopiperazine used for pulmonary applications and has aformula:

FDKP provides a beneficial microparticle matrix because it has lowsolubility in acid but is readily soluble at neutral or basic pH. Theseproperties allow FDKP to crystallize and the crystals to self-assembleinto form microparticles under acidic conditions and are suitable forpulmonary delivery having a diameter of between about 0.5 and about 10microns can reach the lungs, successfully passing most of the naturalbarriers. Cartridges containing formulations for pulmonary deliverycomprising salts of diketopiperazines such as those disclose in U.S.Pat. No. 7,820,676 and other formulations for use the cartridges canalso be package into the present blister package.

In one embodiment, a method for assembling the blister packagecontaining a cartridge in each blister is disclosed. In one embodiment,the cartridge can be a two part cartridge (as described above)comprising a container or cup and a lid or top as depicted and describedin U.S. Pat. No. D613849 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/484,137(US 2009/0308392), respectively. The cartridge can further comprise acontainment or pre-dosing configuration and a dosing configuration. Inthe embodiments herewith, the method comprises providing cartridgesconsisting of two injection molded parts, each cartridge comprising alid and a cup; filling the cup with a drug formulation; placing acartridge lid over the cup, and locking the top to the cup into atransport or containment configuration so that the drug powder is sealedin the cup. In this and other embodiments, the blister package isdesigned to transport the cartridges while preventing the prematuremovement of the cartridge cup into the dosing configuration.

Accordingly, blister packages can be designed to prevent movement of thecartridge within the blister cavity which is achieved by forming aseries of formed-in features that cradles each cartridge within theblister well and also prevents them from touching each other. In thisand other embodiments, blister package 100 can be configured so thateach blister or cavity 104 comprises shelf area 110 wherein the lid ofthe cartridge in a containment configuration can rest on the shelf area110, which in turn allows the cup to be suspended down into dome 108 orcircular void of the blister, protecting a drug product from mechanicalshock. In this embodiment, the cartridge cup in the blister can besurrounded on all sides by the dome-like feature, and it may not bepossible for the cup to slide into the dosing position while thecartridge is in the blister package.

In one embodiment, blister package 100 can also be designed andconfigured to nest with the blisters from another blister pack so as toreduce the size of the distributed package during shipping and storageof the product. In one embodiment, the method comprises turning orflipping one blister package 100 over so that a pair of blister packagescan face each other cavity to cavity then bringing them together so thatthe undersides of the blister shelf areas 110 on the opposing blistersmake contact. This arrangement may allow for a pair of blister packagesto be over-wrapped together in a smaller footprint to what it would beif the blister packages were simply stacked. In one embodiment, apharmaceutical pack can comprise one or more blister packages asdescribed herein; wherein the blister package is enclosed in a foilover-wrapped and the foil over-wrap comprises a soft-tempered aluminummaterial.

In an exemplary embodiment, blister package 100 can be used for threetimes a day use for a five-day supply. Such a blister package consistsof five thermoformed cavities 104 designed to hold three drug filledcartridges 136 each per row 106. Each cavity 104 of three cartridges canhave an area extending about five millimeters which forms a seal on allfour sides and the seal tooling can be knurled to further increase thetotal seal area.

A perforation, as described above, can be provided between each blisterunit, including a section, or row 106 so that each section can beseparated from the adjoining section. Individual cavities 104 of, forexample, one, two, three or more cartridges can be discretely carried inthe pocket or purse. In this manner, an end user can carry only as muchdrug product as may be needed for any particular dosing event. In oneembodiment, to remove a cartridge, the user presses on the blister domewith a thumb or finger, causing the cartridge to break through the softfoil lid. This method of blister removal is commonly called pushthrough. If done carefully, a single cartridge can be removed from acommon cavity of, for example, three having a contiguous volume withoutdisplacing the other two. Alternative configurations can be madedepending on the drug to be delivered and the number of doses a patientwould need for a period of time.

In some embodiments, processed blister packages can have reproduciblythick laminate thicknesses through the cavities. In some embodiments,the standard deviation can be between about 0.004 mm and about 0.023 mm.

In other embodiments, once sealed, a blister package described hereincan resist substantially all water ingress for a period of about 1 week,about 1 month, about 6 months, about 1 year, about 2 years, about 3years, about 4 years or about 5 years. For example, less than about 0.05g, less than about 0.02 g, less than about 0.01 g, less than about 0.001g, or less than about 0.0001 g of water may make its way into a sealedblister packaging or to a medicament. In another embodiment the blisterpackages described herein can resist water transmission when stored at arefrigerated temperature, for example, at 4° C.

In some embodiments, water vapor transmission rate can be less thanabout 0.005 g water per package per day. In other embodiments, the watertransmission rate can be less than about 0.003 g, 0.002 g, 0.001 g,0.0005 g, 0.00005 g, 0.00001 g, or 0.000005 g water per package per day.In one embodiment, the water transmission is less than about 4.0×10⁻⁵ gwater per package per day.

Water vapor transmission rate can also be affected by storagetemperature. Blister packages described herein can resist watertransmission when stored at temperatures between about 10° C. and about35° C., about 15° C. and about 30° C., about 20° C. and about 25° C. Inone embodiment, the blister packages described herein can resist watertransmission when stored at room temperature.

In one embodiment, not only are blister packages sealed but also acartridge(s) within the blister packaging can also have a sealedcontainer including a medicament. In some embodiments, the medicament isa dry powder as described herein. In some embodiments, this dry powdercan resist substantially all water ingress for a period of about 1 week,about 1 month, about 6 months, about 1 year, about 2 years, about 3years, about 4 years about 5 years or about 10 years.

Example 1 Manufacture of Blister Package Assembly

Rolls of base material or sheet and lid film are provided in connectionwith a commercial thermoformer (Pharmworks TF-2X). The base materialconsists of a fluoropolymer layer in between two polyvinyl chloridelayers manufactured by Klockner Pentaplast of America. The base materialis drawn into a forming station at a speed of from about 12 to 25 cyclesper minute (cpm), where it is formed using a combination of heat, airpressure and mechanical plugs specifically designed in the dimensionsrequired to make the blisters as defined in the FIGs. In this example,temperature for softening the plastic to form the blister wells canrange from about 130° C. to about 150° C. The cartridges containing thepharmaceutical formulation are automatically loaded into the blistercavities, then the lid stock consisting of a soft tempered aluminum foil(Alcan) is pulled over this assembly. Together the formed and filledbase material and the lidding are pulled into the sealing station whereheated tools at temperatures ranging from about 150° C. to about 170° C.and pressure cause the activation of the sealant layer on the lidding,creating a sealed blister. After sealing, the web of formed and filledblisters is pulled into a perforating station and then finally a diecutting station that creates the final blister package.

Example 2 Water Vapor Transmission Rates of Blister Packs

Blister packages manufactured in Example 1 were tested for rate of watervapor transmission. Sealed blister packages comprising a tri-laminarblistered base sheet comprised of an outer and inner layer of polyvinylchloride and a middle layer of ACLAR and a soft temper foil lid werecompared to blister packages made from a blistered base sheet consistingof a single layer of PET similar in gauge thickness to the tri-laminarblistered base sheet and having a soft temper foil lid. Each blisterpackage was injected with 3 ml of water (1 ml in each of three blisters)using a syringe with a 29 gauge (0.33 mm×13 mm) needle through the baseof the blister package. After injecting the water, the hole in the basematerial was plugged with quick curing epoxy adhesive. Water vaportraversing the package was analyzed over a period of time by passing astream of clean dry nitrogen gas over the package in a sealed glasscontainer and measuring the quantity of moisture picked up by thenitrogen gas. Measurement of water vapor traversing the package andreleased into the sealed jar was analyzed at the onset of the experimentand for a period of time thereafter in a Mocon Permatran apparatus.

FIG. 12 is a graph depicting data from the experiment illustrating thetypical Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) of the blister packagewherein grams of moisture per day are shown on the vertical axis, andtime points tested are shown on the horizontal axis. Curve A(tri-laminar blistered base sheet comprising ACLAR) and curve B (PETblistered base sheet) illustrates the results of the experiments. Thedata illustrate that after a short period of time where the testinstrument purges itself of air, the WVTR quickly stabilizes to a levelwhere the water vapor transmission rate is stable and almostnon-detectable after six days of testing. This demonstrates that thepackage integrity is acceptable over time. Comparative data from theblister made using conventional PET laminates as shown in FIG. 12, curveB show that this material is not as effective in preventing moisturetransmission through the package. It can also be noted in FIG. 12 thatthe initial peak associated with curve A is water vapor present in thejar (atmospheric) at onset of the experiment, which requires about 12hours to evacuate.

Example 3 Blistered Base Sheet Cavity Uniformity

In these experiments, three different blistered base sheet laminateswere manufactured similarly as described in Example 1, using atemperature setting ranging from 120 to 125° C. for making the blisteredbase sheets and a sealing temperature setting between 155 and 165° C. at12-25 cycles per minute and at an air pressure of about 6 bars.Thicknesses of the cavities on the blistered base sheet were measured atvarious locations as indicated in FIG. 13 to determine integrity anduniformity of blisters or cavities.

FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating thickness at different locationsenumerated in FIG. 13 along the cross-section line. The blistered basesheet here is in formed of a tri-layer laminate of PVC-ACLAR-PVC (7.5mil-3.0 mil-7.5 mil; 0.19 mm-0.07 mm-0.19 mm). The thinnest point in theblistered base sheet is located at the pinnacle of the dome (about 0.175mm to about 0.075 mm) and the thickest points are located on the shelves(about 0.275 mm to about 0.225 mm).

FIG. 15 is a graph illustrating thickness at different locationsenumerated in FIG. 13 along the cross-section line. The blistered basesheet here is in formed of a bi-layer laminate of PVC-ACLAR (15 mil-4.0mil; 0.38 mm-0.10 mm). The thinnest point in the blistered base sheet islocated at the pinnacle of the dome (about 0.187 mm to about 0.125 mm)and the thickest points are located on the shelves (about 0.225 mm toabout 0.275 mm).

FIG. 16 is a graph illustrating thickness at different locationsenumerated in FIG. 13 along the cross-section line. The blistered basesheet here is in formed of a bi-layer laminate of CoPETG-ACLAR (12mil-4.0 mil; 0.30 mm-0.10 mm). The thinnest point in the blistered basesheet is located at the pinnacle of the dome (about 0.125 mm to about0.165 mm) and the thickest points are located on the shelves (about0.200 mm to about 0.275 mm).

Standard deviations for the various measurements from FIGS. 14-16 areillustrated in the graph in FIG. 17. Based on the graphs of FIGS. 14-17,it can be understood by on skilled in the art that the thicknesses ofprocessed blistered base sheets can be reproducible with standarddeviations between about 0.004 and about 0.023 mm. Signal to noise onthe same samples can range from about 0.020 to about 0.135.

Example 4 Moisture Vapor Permeation

A blistered base sheet with foil overwrap was selected because ofmoisture vapor permeation characteristics and the ability to form asuitably tight package.

Supplier specifications for moisture vapor permeation characteristics ofthe blister packaging materials can be less than 0.058 g water/m²/dayfor a laminated base film, less than 0.01 0 g water/m²/day for alaminated lid and less than 0.010 g water/m²/day for a laminatedoverwrap when measured according to ASTM F1249 at 37.8° C./90% RH.

A sealed assembly consisting of the blistered base sheet and foiloverwrap was individually tested according to ASTM Method F1249—StandardTest Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate through Plastic Film andSheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor. Blistered base sheet sampleswere prepared by injecting 1 cc of water into each blister strip andplacing an impermeable epoxy resin over the opening created by syringe.This created a reservoir of water within the blister card. Foil overwrappackages containing nested blister packs were prepared by injecting 1 ccof water into the overwrap and placing an impermeable epoxy resin overthe opening created by the syringe. The permeation characteristics weredetermined by placing a sample into a Mocon Permatran instrumentchamber, and flushing the chamber headspace with dry air. Escaping watervapor can diffuse and permeate through sealed test samples and mixeswith the gas within the chamber headspace and is carried to an infraredsensor. The infrared sensor measures the fraction of infrared energyabsorbed by the water vapor and produces an electrical signal, theamplitude of which is proportional to water vapor concentration. Theamplitude of the electrical signal produced by the test samples is thencompared to the signal produced by measurement of a calibration filmwith a known water vapor transmission rate. This information is thenused to calculate the rate at which moisture is transmitted through thematerial being tested. Testing was conducted at 25° C./100% RH.

A sealed blistered base sheet as described herein having a trilaminarlayer of ACLAR sandwiched by PVC layers as outer layers exhibits amoisture permeation rate of about 0.00004 g water/blister pack/day, andthe sealed assembled overwrap package moisture permeation rate is about0.040 g water/overwrap pack/day. These low values demonstrate thesuitability of the package configuration for cartridges containingpharmaceutical formulations. The package configuration has beenconfirmed in practice during long term stability studies through testingof TI Powder for moisture content. Data shows no discernable changes inmoisture content on stability in either condition (5° C. or 25° C./60%RH), validating the suitability for use of the blister card with foiloverwrap package configuration with TECHNOSPHERE® (MannKind Corp., CA)Insulin.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described withreference to particular embodiments, it will be appreciated thatvariations of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, oralternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many otherdifferent systems or applications. Also that various presentlyunforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations orimprovements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in theart which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities ofingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions,and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understoodas being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly,unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth inthe specification and attached claims are approximations that may varydepending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by thepresent invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context ofdescribing the invention (especially in the context of the followingclaims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural,unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as ashorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, eachindividual value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. All methods described herein can beperformed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein isintended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose alimitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No languagein the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimedelement essential to the practice of the invention.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each groupmember may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combinationwith other members of the group or other elements found herein. It isanticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, ordeleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability.When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemedto contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written descriptionof all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Ofcourse, variations on these described embodiments will become apparentto those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoingdescription. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ suchvariations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention tobe practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly,this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Furthermore, numerous references have been made to patents and printedpublications throughout this specification. Each of the above-citedreferences and printed publications are individually incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the presentinvention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scopeof the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation,alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized inaccordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present inventionis not limited to that precisely as shown and described.

I claim:
 1. A method of forming a blistered base sheet comprising:forming the blistered base sheet from a base material using heat, airpressure, mechanical plugs, or a combination thereof after the basematerial has been softened at a temperature between about 130° C. andabout 150° C., wherein the blistered base sheet includes one or morecavities, and the one or more cavities include a dome structureconfigured to hold a first portion of one or more cartridges and a shelfconfigured to hold a second portion of the one or more cartridges. 2.The method of claim 1, further comprising bonding a film to theblistered base sheet to encase the one or more cartridges in the one ormore cavities.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the bonding includesusing a tool to apply a pressure to activate a sealant layer on the filmto secure the film to the blistered base sheet.
 4. The method of claim2, wherein the bonding is performed at a temperature between about 150°C. and about 170° C.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperatureused to form the blistered base sheet is between about 120° C. and about125° C.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cartridges areconfigured to contain a pharmaceutical formulation comprising an activeingredient and a diketopiperazine.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein thediketopiperazine isbis-3,6-(N-fumaryl-4-aminobutyl)-2,5-diketo-diketopiperazine.
 8. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the active ingredient is selected from thegroup consisting of insulin, glucagon like peptide 1, glucagon,oxytocin, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, sumatriptan, a peptidyl peptidaseIV inhibitor, parathyroid hormone, deoxyribonuclease I, active fragmentsthereof, analogs thereof, or a combination thereof.
 9. A method offorming a blister package for one or more cartridges, comprising:bonding a film to a blistered base sheet including at least two layersof material at a temperature between about 150° C. and about 170° C. toencase the one or more cartridges in the blister package, wherein theblistered base sheet includes one or more cavities, wherein the one ormore cavities include a dome structure and a shelf configured to holdthe one or more cartridges, and wherein at least one of the layers ofthe at least two layers of the blistered base sheet comprises a materialselected from at least one of a polyvinyl chloride and a fluoropolymer.10. The method of claim 9, wherein the blistered base sheet includes athree layered sheet comprising a first polyvinyl chloride layer, asecond fluoropolymer layer, and a third polyvinyl chloride layer. 11.The method of claim 9, wherein the blistered base sheet has a thicknessgreater than about 75 μm.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the filmcomprises a foil comprising one or more layers of material, wherein atleast one of the one or more layers of material includes a materialselected from at least one of aluminum, plastic polymer, and plasticco-polymer.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the film has a thicknessof about 10 μm to about 75 μm.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein theone or more cartridges are configured to contain a pharmaceuticalformulation comprising an active ingredient and a diketopiperazine. 15.The method of claim 14, wherein the diketopiperazine isbis-3,6-(N-fumaryl-4-aminobutyl)-2,5-diketo-diketopiperazine.
 16. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the active ingredient is selected from thegroup consisting of insulin, glucagon like peptide 1, glucagon,oxytocin, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, sumatriptan, a peptidyl peptidaseIV inhibitor, parathyroid hormone, deoxyribonuclease I, active fragmentsthereof, analogs thereof, or a combination thereof.
 17. A packagecomprising: a blistered base sheet includes one or more cavities,wherein the cavities include a dome structure and a shelf configured tohold one or more cartridges.
 18. The package of claim 17, wherein theone or more cartridges are configured to contain a pharmaceuticalformulation comprising an active ingredient and a diketopiperazine. 19.The package of claim 18, wherein the active ingredient selected from thegroup consisting of insulin, glucagon like peptide 1, glucagon,oxytocin, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, sumatriptan, a peptidyl peptidaseIV inhibitor, parathyroid hormone, deoxyribonuclease I, active fragmentsthereof, analogs thereof, or a combination thereof.
 20. The package ofclaim 18, wherein the diketopiperazine isbis-3,6-(N-fumaryl-4-aminobutyl)-2,5-diketo-diketopiperazine.